[665] Connexins in cardiovascular disease
Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Europe. Atherosclerosis, an inflammatory disease of large and medium-sized arteries, is the most important underlying cause of coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis involves the formation of intimal lesions that are characterized by a dysfunctional endothelium, inflammation, lipid accumulation, cell death and fibrosis. The distribution of atherosclerotic plaques is highly characteristic in human; the lesions develop predominantly near side branches of arteries, where blood flow is disturbed. The most severe clinical events follow the rupture of a plaque and sudden thrombotic occlusion of the affected artery. Then, treatment consists of procedures that allow the rapid return of blood flow to the ischemic myocardium to rescue heart muscle. Reperfusion, however, may paradoxically lead to further complications resulting from an inappropriate inflammatory response in the microcirculation.
The work in our laboratory is focused primarily on the role of connexins in atherosclerotic disease. Connexins form gap junctions, clusters of intercellular channels synchronizing responses in multi-cellular organisms through the direct exchange of ions, small metabolites and second messengers between adjacent cells. We have previously shown beneficial effects on both progression and composition of the atherosclerotic lesions in mice with reduced levels of Cx43. In contrast to the atherogenic role of Cx43, Cx37 hemichannels in macrophages and endothelial Cx40 gap junction channels are atheroprotective. Our current work concentrates on the shear stress-dependent regulation of Cx37 and Cx40 in healthy endothelium and atherosclerotic vessels as well as on the role of connexins in atherosclerosis-derived complications, such as arterial thrombosis and reperfusion injury.
TEAM MONTESSUIT : (Dys)regulation of myocardial glucose metabolism
We study the regulation of glucose and fatty acid metabolism in the myocardium, mostly within the pathological context of ischemic stress and type II diabetes. During an ischemic event, as occurs with coronary occlusion, the first line of defense for the myocardium is the stimulation of glucose transport and glycolysis in the cardiomyocytes. Indeed, ATP can be produced from the metabolism of glucose despite the cessation of mitochondrial function. Furthermore, at reperfusion, should it happen, ATP obtained from anaerobic metabolism of glucose is preferentially used to restore the ionic gradients that are necessary for the survival and proper function of the cardiomyocytes. These mechanisms are impaired in the diabetic myocardium, in part due to chronic exposure to a surfeit of circulating lipids. This could explain the increased severity of myocardial infarction in patients with type II diabetes. We explore the cellular mechanisms of glucose metabolism dysfunction in an in vitro model of cultured cardiomyocytes, with the aim of transposing our in vitro results to an animal model of diabetic cardiomyopathy.