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A large pi-conjugated chromophore composed of two dipyrido[3,2-a:2’,3’-c]phenazine (dppz) units directly fused to the central tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) core, has been prepared as a bridging ligand, and its strong binding ability to Ru2+ forming a new dinuclear complex is presented. The electronic absorption and luminescence and the electrochemical behaviour of the free ligand as well as the Ru2+ complex have been investigated in detail. The free ligand shows a very strong band in the UV region consistent with ligand centred π-π* transitions and an intense broad band in the visible region corresponding to an intramolecular charge transfer (ILCT) transition. Upon coordination, a metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) appears at 22520 cm-1 while the ILCT band is bathochromically shifted by 1620 cm-1. These electrochemically amphoteric chromophores have also been characterized by spectroelectrochemical methods. The oxidized radical species of the free ligand show a strong tendency to undergo aggregation, in which long-distance attractive interactions overcome the electrostatic repulsion. Moreover, these two new chromophores reveal an ILCT fluorescence with large solvent-dependent Stokes shifts and quantum efficiencies of 0.052 for the free ligand and 0.016 for its dinuclear Ru2+ complex in CH2Cl2. |
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An efficient synthetic approach to a symmetrically functionalized tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) derivative with two diamine moieties, 2-[5,6-diamino-4,7-bis(4-pentylphenoxy)-1,3-benzodithiol-2-ylidene]-4,7-bis(4-pentylphenoxy)-1,3-benzodithiole-5,6-diamine (2), is reported. The subsequent Schiff-base reactions of 2 afford large π-conjugated multiple D–A arrays, for example the triad 2-[4,9-bis(4-pentylphenoxy)-1,3-dithiolo[4,5-g]quinoxalin-2-ylidene]-4,9-bis(4-pentylphenoxy)-1,3-dithiolo[4,5-g]quinoxaline (8) and the corresponding tetrabenz[bc,ef,hi,uv]ovalene-fused pentad 1, in good yields and high purity. The novel redox-active nanographene 1 is so far the largest known TTF-functionalized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with a well-resolved 1H NMR spectrum. The electrochemically highly amphoteric pentad 1 and triad 8 exhibit various electronically excited charge-transfer states in different oxidation states leading to intense optical intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) absorbances over a wide spectral range. The chemical and electrochemical oxidations of 1 result in an unprecedented TTF•+ radical cation dimerization, leading to the formation of [1•+]2 at room temperature in solution due to the stabilizing effect arising from strong π–π interactions. Moreover, ICT fluorescence is observed with large solvent-dependent Stokes shifts and quantum efficiencies of 0.05 for 1 and 0.035 for 8 in CH2Cl2. |
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The synthesis and the photophysical properties of the complex [Ru(TTF-dppz)2(Aqphen)]2+(TTF = tetrathiafulvalene, dppz = dipyrido-[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine, Aqphen = anthraquinone fused to phenanthroline via a pyrazine bridge) are described. In this molecular triad excitation into the metal−ligand charge transfer bands results in the creation of a long-lived charge separated state with TTF acting as electron donor and anthraquinone as terminal acceptor. The lifetime of the charge-separated state is 400 ns in dichloromethane at room temperature. A mechanism for the charge separation involving an intermediate charge-separated state is proposed based on transient absorption spectroscopy. |
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A π-extended, redox-active bridging ligand 4′,5′-bis(propylthio)tetrathiafulvenyl[i]dipyrido[2,3-a:3′,2′-c]phenazine (L) was prepared via direct Schiff-base condensation of the corresponding diamine−tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) precursor with 4,7-phenanthroline-5,6-dione. Reactions of L with [Ru(bpy)2Cl2] afforded its stable mono- and dinuclear ruthenium(II) complexes 1 and 2. They have been fully characterized, and their photophysical and electrochemical properties are reported together with those of [Ru(bpy)2(ppb)]2+ and [Ru(bpy)2(μ-ppb)Ru(bpy)2]4+ (ppb = dipyrido[2,3-a:3′,2′-c]phenazine) for comparison. In all cases, the first excited state corresponds to an intramolecular TTF → ppb charge-transfer state. Both ruthenium(II) complexes show two strong and well-separated metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) absorption bands, whereas the 3MLCT luminescence is strongly quenched via electron transfer from the TTF subunit. Clearly, the transient absorption spectra illustrate the role of the TTF fragment as an electron donor, which induces a triplet intraligand charge-transfer state (3ILCT) with lifetimes of approximately 200 and 50 ns for mono- and dinuclear ruthenium(II) complexes, respectively. |