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We propose a simple method for predicting the spin state of homoleptic complexes of the Fe(II) d6 ion with chelating diimine ligands. The approach is based on the analysis of a single metric parameter within a free (noncoordinated) ligand: the interatomic separation between the N-donor metal-binding sites. An extensive analysis of existing complexes allows the determination of critical N¡¡¡N distances that dictate the regions of stability for the high-spin and low-spin complexes, as well as the intermediate range in which the magnetic bistability (spin crossover) can be observed. The prediction has been tested on several complexes that demonstrate the validity of our method. |
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Ru(II) complexes with chelating ligands, 4â˛,5â˛-ethylenedithiotetrathiafulvenyl[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline (L1), 1,3-dithiole-2-thiono[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline (L2), and 1,3-dithiole-2-ono[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline (L3), have been prepared and their structural, electrochemical, and photophysical properties investigated. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the highest occupied molecular orbital of [Ru(bpy)2(L1)](PF6)2 (1) is located on the tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) subunit and appears â0.6 eV above the three Ru-centered d orbitals. In agreement with this finding, 1 exhibits three reversible oxidations: the two at lower potentials take place on the TTF subunit, and the one at higher potential is due to the Ru3+/Ru2+ redox couple. Complexes [Ru(bpy)2(L2)](PF6)2 (2) and [Ru(bpy)2(L3)](PF6)2 (3) exhibit only the Ru3+/Ru2+-related oxidation. The optical absorption spectra of all complexes reveal a characteristic metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) band centered around 450 nm. In addition, in the spectrum of 1 the MLCT band is augmented by a low-energy tail that extends beyond 500 nm and is attributed to the intraligand charge transfer (ILCT) transition of L1, according to time-dependent DFT calculations. The substantial decrease in the luminescence quantum yield of 1 compared to those of 2 and 3 is attributed to the reductive quenching of the emissive state via electron transfer from the TTF subunit to the Ru3+ center, thus allowing nonradiative relaxation to the ground state through the lower-lying ILCT state. In the presence of O2, complex 1 undergoes a photoinduced oxidative cleavage of the central CâC bond of the TTF fragment, resulting in complete transformation to 3. This photodegradation process was studied with 13C NMR and optical absorption spectroscopy. |
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Three iron(II) complexes, [Fe(TPMA)(BIM)](ClO4)2â
0.5H2O (1), [Fe(TPMA)(XBIM)](ClO4)2Â (2), and [Fe(TPMA)(XBBIM)](ClO4)2Â â
0.75CH3OH (3), were prepared by reactions of FeII perchlorate and the corresponding ligands (TPMA=tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine, BIM=2,2â˛-biimidazole, XBIM=1,1â˛-(Îą,Îąâ˛-o-xylyl)-2,2â˛-biimidazole, XBBIM=1,1â˛-(Îą,Îąâ˛-o-xylyl)-2,2â˛-bibenzimidazole). The compounds were investigated by a combination of X-ray crystallography, magnetic and photomagnetic measurements, and MĂśssbauer and optical absorption spectroscopy. Complex 1 exhibits a gradual spin crossover (SCO) with T1/2=190â
K, whereas 2 exhibits an abrupt SCO with approximately 7â
K thermal hysteresis (T1/2=196â
K on cooling and 203â
K on heating). Complex 3 is in the high-spin state in the 2â300â
K range. The difference in the magnetic behavior was traced to differences between the inter- and intramolecular interactions in 1 and 2. The crystal packing of 2features a hierarchy of intermolecular interactions that result in increased cooperativity and abruptness of the spin transition. In 3, steric repulsion between H atoms of one of the pyridyl substituents of TPMA and one of the benzene rings of XBBIM results in a strong distortion of the FeII coordination environment, which stabilizes the high-spin state of the complex. Both 1 and 2 exhibit a photoinduced low-spin to high-spin transition (LIESST effect) at 5â
K. The difference in the character of intermolecular interactions of 1 and 2 also manifests in the kinetics of the decay of the photoinduced high-spin state. For 1, the decay rate constant follows the single-exponential law, whereas for 2 it is a stretched exponential, reflecting the hierarchical nature of intermolecular contacts. The structural parameters of the photoinduced high-spin state at 50â
K are similar to those determined for the high-spin state at 295â
K. This study shows that N-alkylation of BIM has a negligible effect on the ligand field strength. Therefore, the combination of TPMA and BIM offers a promising ligand platform for the design of functionalized SCO complexes. |